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Background:
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The "Republic of the Equator" was one of three countries that
emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are
Colombia and Venezuela). Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories
in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that
flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 25 years of
civilian governance in 2004, the period has been marred by political
instability. Seven presidents have governed Ecuador since 1996.
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Location:
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Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator,
between Colombia and Peru |
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Geographic coordinates:
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2 00 S, 77 30 W |
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Map references:
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South
America |
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Area:
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total: 283,560 sq km
land: 276,840 sq km
water: 6,720 sq km
note: includes Galapagos Islands |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Nevada |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,010 km
border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km |
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Coastline:
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2,237 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 100 nm from 2,500 meter isobath |
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Climate:
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tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations;
tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands |
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Terrain:
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coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat
to rolling eastern jungle (oriente) |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower |
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Land use:
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arable land: 5.85%
permanent crops: 4.93%
other: 89.22% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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8,650 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic
droughts |
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution
from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon
Basin and Galapagos Islands |
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Environment - international
agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world
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Population:
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13,363,593 (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 33.5% (male 2,282,252/female 2,195,942)
15-64 years: 61.5% (male 4,094,146/female 4,130,096)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 310,336/female 350,821) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 23.27 years
male: 22.82 years
female: 23.74 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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1.24% (2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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22.67 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-6.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 23.66 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 28.36 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 76.21 years
male: 73.35 years
female: 79.22 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.72 children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence
rate:
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0.3% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with
HIV/AIDS:
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21,000 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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1,700 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Ecuadorian(s)
adjective: Ecuadorian |
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Ethnic groups:
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mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and
others 7%, black 3% |
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 95%, other 5% |
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Languages:
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Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5%
male: 94%
female: 91% (2003 est.)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador
conventional short form: Ecuador
local long form: Republica del Ecuador
local short form: Ecuador |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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Quito |
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Administrative divisions:
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22 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,
Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas,
Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana,
Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe |
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Independence:
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24 May 1822 (from Spain) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809) |
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Constitution:
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10 August 1998 |
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Legal system:
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based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65,
optional for other eligible voters |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April 2005);
Vice President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government;
former President Lucio GUTIERREZ was removed from office by congress
effective 20 April 2005
head of government: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April
2005); Vice President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May
2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: the president and vice president are elected on the
same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term (no immediate
reelection); election last held 20 October 2002; runoff election held 24
November 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: results of the 24 November 2002 runoff election
- Lucio GUTIERREZ elected president; percent of vote - Lucio GUTIERREZ
54.3%; Alvaro NOBOA 45.7%; note - Vice President Alfredo PALACIO assumed
the presidency on 20 April 2005 after congress removed Lucio GUTIERREZ
from office |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (100 seats; members
are popularly elected by province to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 October 2002 (next to be held October
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
- PSC 25, PRE 15, ID 16, PRIAN 10, PSP 9, Pachakutik Movement 6, MPD 5,
DP 4, PS-FA 3, independents 7; note - defections by members of National
Congress are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers
of seats held by the various parties |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (according to the Constitution, new
justices are elected by the full Supreme Court; in December 2004,
however, Congress successfully replaced the entire court via a
simple-majority resolution) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM]; Democratic
Left or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; National Action Institutional Renewal
Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik Movement [Gilberto TALAHUA];
Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular
Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan Manuel FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement
or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian
ALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz,
director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO];
Socialist Party - Broad Front or PS-FA [Victor GRANDA] |
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Political pressure groups and
leaders:
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Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Luis
MACAS, president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon
SANTOS]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Marco
MURILLO, president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos
and Peasants or FENOCIN [Pedro DE LA CRUZ, president]; Popular Front or
FP [Luis VILLACIS] |
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International organization
participation:
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CAN, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW,
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the
US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200
FAX: [1] (202) 667-3482
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Jersey City (New Jersey),
Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco |
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Diplomatic representation from
the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Kristie Anne KENNEY
embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito
mailing address: APO AA 34039
telephone: [593] (2) 256-2890
FAX: [593] (2) 250-2052
consulate(s) general: Guayaquil |
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Flag description:
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three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with
the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the
flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
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Economy - overview:
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Ecuador has substantial petroleum resources, which have accounted for
40% of the country's export earnings and one-fourth of central
government budget revenues in recent years. Consequently, fluctuations
in world market prices can have a substantial domestic impact. In the
late 1990s, Ecuador suffered its worst economic crisis, with natural
disasters and sharp declines in world petroleum prices driving Ecuador's
economy into free fall in 1999. Real GDP contracted by more than 6%,
with poverty worsening significantly. The banking system also collapsed,
and Ecuador defaulted on its external debt later that year. The currency
depreciated by some 70% in 1999, and, on the brink of hyperinflation,
the MAHAUD government announced it would dollarize the economy. A coup,
however, ousted MAHAUD from office in January 2000, and after a
short-lived junta failed to garner military support, Vice President
Gustavo NOBOA took over the presidency. In March 2000, Congress approved
a series of structural reforms that also provided the framework for the
adoption of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the
economy, and growth returned to its pre-crisis levels in the years that
followed. Under the administration of Lucio GUTIERREZ - January 2003 to
April 2005 - Ecuador benefited from higher world petroleum prices, but
the government has made little progress on economic reforms necessary to
reduce Ecuador's vulnerability to petroleum price swings and financial
crises. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$49.51 billion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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5.8% (2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 8.7%
industry: 30.5%
services: 60.9% (2004 est.) |
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Labor force:
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4.53 million (urban) (2004 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 8%, industry 24%, services 68% (2001) |
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Unemployment rate:
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11.1%; note - underemployment of 47% (2004 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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45% (2001 est.) |
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Household income or consumption
by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 32%
note: data for urban households only (October 2003) |
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Distribution of family income -
Gini index:
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42
note: data are for urban households (2003) |
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Inflation rate (consumer
prices):
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2% (2004 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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20.6% of GDP (2004 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $7.9 billion
expenditures: planned $7.3 billion, including capital
expenditures of $1.6 billion (2004 est.) |
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Public debt:
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49.2% of GDP (2004 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains,
sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood;
fish, shrimp |
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Industries:
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petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals |
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Industrial production growth
rate:
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10% (2004 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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11.54 billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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10.79 billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports:
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57 million kWh (2002) |
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Oil - production:
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523,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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129,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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387,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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4.408 billion bbl (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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160 million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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160 million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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106.5 billion cu m (2004) |
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Current account balance:
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$261.1 million (2004 est.) |
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Exports:
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$7.56 billion (2004 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp |
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Exports - partners:
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US 42.9%, Panama 14.3%, Peru 7.9%, Italy 4.6% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$7.65 billion (2004 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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vehicles, medicinal products, telecommunications equipment, electricity |
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Imports - partners:
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US 16.5%, Colombia 14.1%, China 9.2%, Venezuela 7.1%, Brazil 6.5%, Chile
4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Mexico 4.3% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and
gold:
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$1.436 billion (December 2004 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$16.81 billion (2004 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$216 million (2002) |
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Currency (code):
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US dollar (USD) |
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Exchange rates:
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25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003), 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001), 24,988
(2000) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1.549 million (2003) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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2,394,400 (2003) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: generally elementary but being expanded
domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable
international: country code - 593; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 392, FM 35, shortwave 29 (2001) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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7 (plus 14 repeaters) (2001) |
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Internet country code:
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.ec |
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Internet hosts:
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3,188 (2003) |
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Internet users:
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569,700 (2003)
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Railways:
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total: 966 km
narrow gauge: 966 km 1.067-m gauge (2004) |
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Highways:
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total: 43,197 km
paved: 8,164 km
unpaved: 35,033 km (2002) |
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Waterways:
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1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2003) |
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Pipelines:
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extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined products
1,185 km (2004) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 241,403 GRT/391,898 DWT
by type: chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 8,
petroleum tanker 20
foreign-owned: 3 (Germany 1, Greece 1, Paraguay 1) (2005) |
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Airports:
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205 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 62
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 19
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 143
914 to 1,523 m: 30
under 914 m: 113 (2004 est.) |
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Heliports:
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1 (2004 est.)
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Military branches:
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Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast Guard), Air
Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE) |
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Military service age and
obligation:
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20 years of age for conscript military service; 12-month service
obligation (2004) |
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Manpower available for military
service:
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males age 20-49: 2,792,770 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military
service:
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males age 20-49: 2,338,428 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military
service age annually:
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males: 133,922 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar
figure:
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$655 million (2004) |
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Military expenditures - percent
of GDP:
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2.2% (2004)
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Disputes - international:
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organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across
Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to flee into
Ecuador in 2004 |
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Illicit drugs:
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significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and
Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit
narcotics; attractive location for cash-placement by drug traffickers
laundering money because of dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering
regime, especially vulnerable along the border with Colombia; increased
activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian
insurgents
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